Chanting sections in Throne of Blood
OPENING CHANT [English screenplay p. 109; Japanese screen play pp. 143]:
見よ妄執の城の址
魂魄未だ住むごとし
それ熱心の修羅の道
昔も今もかわりなし
Vocabulary:
熱心の修羅の道 nesshin no ashura no michi: the path of Ashura who are overcome with passion (bloodlust)
Screenplay:
Behold the ruins of a castle inhabited by deep-rooted delusion,
perpetually haunted by spirits.
The ruins show the fate of demonic men with treacherous desires.
Life is the same now as in ancient times.
Alternative:
Behold, the ruins of a castle of deep-rooted delusion,
haunted even now by spirits/the souls [of men who followed]
this Ashura path of bloodlust;
in the present, as in the past, nothing has changed.
NOTE: The path of warrior demons (shura no michi) is implicitly replacing the path of the samurai (bushidō)
THE FOREST HAG'S CHANT [Japanese screenplay, pp. 146-47; English screenplay p. 112]:
あさましや あさましや
などて人の世に生をうけ
虫のいのちの細細と
身を苦しむる愚かさよ
English screenplay:
Ah miserable, miserable!
Born into this human world,
Living a transient life like an insect's,
How silly to worry ourselves!
Alternative:
How miserable, miserable!
Why do humans, born into this world,
their lives as transient as insects,
[experience] the folly of such needless suffering!
Compare these lines by the old woman in the Noh play Kurozuka (The Black Mound, AKA Adachigahara):
〈黒塚〉(第五段、クドキグリ)
あさましや
人界に生を受けながら
かゝる憂き世に明け暮らし
身を苦しむる悲しさよ
「謡曲集 下」岩波、371頁 |
How miserable!
To be born in human form and yet,
destined to live in this forsaken (wretched) world.
The sorrow of such needless suffering!
Tr: Carolyn Morley (modified) |
あさましや あさましや
花の命は短くて
やがて腐肉となるものを
English screenplay:
Ah miserable, miserable!
The life of flowers is too transient,
Only turning to decomposed matter.
Alternative:
Ah miserable, miserable!
[Humans], their life as brief as blossoms,
swiftly turn to putrid, decaying flesh.
それ人間のなりわいは
五慾の炎に身をこがし
五濁の水に身をさらし
業の上は業を積み
Vocabulary:
五慾 goyoku: the Five Desires. Either five desires associated with the five senses, or desire for wealth, sex, food and drink, fame/power, and sleep.
五濁 gojōku: the Five Pollutions/Impurities/Defilements that mark the Age of the Degenerate Dharma (J. mappō, the ten-thousand year period in which Buddha's teaching can no longer be understood or practiced). In Japan mappō was believed to have begun in 1152 or 1158 .The Five Defilements are defined as: 1) Defilement of period (because natural disasters and social chaos arise in this period); 2) Defilement of views (because wrong views arise); 3) Defilement of evil passions (because passions become more intense); 4) Defilement of sentient beings (because people are mentally and physically weak, they reject the Buddha's moral teaching and the law of causality/karma, and therefore suffer greatly); 5) Defilement of life (because man's life-span is shortened)
業 gō: karma. Any act (mental, physical, or verbal) creates effects (karma) that keep us tied to the cycle of reincarnation. Both good and evil acts create karma, however, evil acts will keep us tied to lower realms of reincarnation, such as the Ashura (warrior) Hell.
English screenplay:
Such being the case, what men do in this world
Burning ourselves with the flames of five Desires,
Bathing ourselves in the water of the five impurities,
Piling up our sins more and more.
Alternative:
So what do humans do?
They burn themselves in the flames of the Five Desires;
they bath themselves in the water of the Five Impurities;
piling up karma upon karma.
迷いの果てに行きつけば
腐肉破れて花と咲き
悪臭かえて香を放つ
面白の人の命
おもしろや おもしろや
English translation:
Reaching the last stage of delusion,
Rotten flesh turns to flowers.
Offensive odour becomes perfume,
What a thrilling life for man!
How delightful, delightful!
Alternative:
When one reaches the end of this deluded wandering [i.e. this life],
decaying flesh turns to blossoms,
offensive odor turns to perfume;
what an delightful/interesting life for humans,
how delightful/interesting!
COMPARISON WITH THE INTRODUCTORY LINES OF TALE OF THE HEIKE (Burton Watson translation):
The bells of the Gion monastery in India echo with the warning
that all things are impermanent.
The blossoms of the sala trees teach us through their hues
that what flourishes must fade.
The proud do not prevail for long
but vanish like a spring night's dream.
In time the mighty, too, succumb:
all are dust before the wind.
Notes (taken from Burton Watson and Hiroshi Kitagawa):
Gion monastery: According to Buddhist legend, the Gion monastery, which was built by a rich merchant in a famous garden in India, was the first monastery in the Buddhist order. It is also said that the temple complex included a building known as Impermanence Hall, where dying monks were housed. When they were at their last breath, four silver and four crystal bells were rung to signify the following gatha (Buddhist verse):
All is vanity and evanescence.
That is the law of life and death.
In the complete denial of life and death
Is the bliss of entering Nirvana.
Sala trees: The Nirvana Sutra describes the entrance of the Buddha into Nirvana in detail: at each corner of the Buddha's bed stood a pair of sala (teak) trees. These eight trees bowed down toward the center of the bed and their color changed to the the white of cranes as the Buddha began to pass into Nirvana (i.e. to die).
Later Scene with the Forest Hag
When Washizu goes back to the forest to see the hag again, she greets him as the commander of Spiderweb Castle, and says,
"これはこれは,迷いの果てに行きつ枯れた、めでたい、めでたい”
"I see you’ve finally reached the end of your deluded wandering. Congratulations, congratulations."
And after she reassures him that he will not fail until Spiderweb Forest moves to overthrow the castle, and he responds gleefully that this will never happen, she transforms into a phantom Ashura warrior who says:
“Ha, ha, ha, ha. If you are determined on pursing the path of the Ashura, make that path as steeped in evil as you can possibly imagine (omohikiri = without limits).”
Two more phantom warrior figures then encourage Washizu with a similar grammatical structure: “if you are going to pile up a mountain of skulls, make it unimaginably (omohikiri) big”; “if you are going to spill a river of blood, make it flow without limits (omohikiri)."
NOH PLAY (Tamura) performed at the banquet by Washizu's senior advisor, which Washizu cuts short:
〈田村〉 |
Tamura |
シテ詞「いかに鬼神もたしかに聞け。
昔もさるためしあり。
千方といひし逆臣に仕へし鬼も。
王位を背く天罰にて。
「謡曲集 中」新潮、昭和61、339頁 |
You demons out there, listen well.
Beware of the example of long ago:
When the rebel named Chikata and the demons serving under him
defied the Imperial will,
they incurred the wrath of heaven,
(Nô no honyaku. Hôsei Daigaku, 2007, p. 304)
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FINAL CHANT [English screenplay p. 134; Japanese screenplay, 175]
寄せ手見えしは
風の葦
鬨の音と聞こえしは
松の風
それ熱心の修羅の道
昔も今もかわりなし
English screenplay:
The attacking force was none other than
the rustling reeds in the breeze.
The war cries were none other than
a breeze in the pine tree.
The ruins show the fate of demonic men with treacherous desire.
Life is the same now as in ancient times.
Alternative:
The attacking force we saw:
reeds in the wind.
The sounds of war we heard:
wind in the pines.
This is the Ashura path of bloodlust:
in the present, as in the past, nothing has changed.
Note: the first four lines echo a common ending in a second category Warrior Noh play (Shuramono), whereby the reenacted battle performed on stage by the warrior ghost, turns out to have been a dream.
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